10 jun følgende definition
Der findes som nævnt mange måder at definere kommunikation på. Kommunikationsprofessorerne
Denis McQuail og Sven Windahl har i bogen Communication Models forsøgt at skære kommunikations-
forskningen ind til benet med følgende definition:
”Communication can be any or all of the following: an action on others; an interaction with
others and a reaction to others.” (McQuail, D. & Windahl, S., 1982, p.5)
Denne definition kan stort set favne alle kommunikationsforskningens forskellige tilgange, men er
samtidig god til at anskueliggøre årsagen til, at kommunikationsforskningen som oftest inddeles i de to
overordnede paradigmer. Forfatternes kursiveringer understreger betydningen af, hvorvidt det er
afsender eller modtager, der er centrum for kommunikationen, eller om de opfattes som ligeværdige
parter. An action on others indikerer en passiv modtager, der får ’påført’ sig noget, hvorimod an inte-
raction with others involverer en dialektisk relation mellem to agerende parter. De to kommunikati-
onsformer kan hermed repræsentere henholdsvis transmissionsparadigmet og interaktionsparadig-
met, mens den sidste kommunikationsform a reaction to others kan karakteriseres som en slags blan-
dingsform af de to ”yderpoler”, hvilket jeg vil uddybe nærmere i min nuancering af interaktionsbegre-
bet (kapitel 4.2.4) samt konkretisere gennem to eksempler (kapitel 4.2.5).
4.2.1 KOMMUNIKATION SOM TRANSMISSION
Transmissionstilgangen illustreres bedst ved hjælp af Shannon og Weavers kommunikationsmodel:
(Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. 1949, p.7)
Modellen viser i en lineær sekvens de hovedelementer, der udgør et såkaldt kommunikationssystem og
relationerne imellem disse elementer (Shannon, E. C. & Weaver, W. 1949, p.6-7). Det første element i
processen er informationskilden, altså afsenderen af informationen. Dennes besked bliver transmitte-
ret til signaler gennem det pågældende medie – foregår kommunikationen eksempelvis gennem en
telefon, transmitteres stemmen gennem elektroniske impulser (signaler) til telefonen i den anden en-
de af linjen, hvor modtageren så hører beskeden. Pilene viser, hvordan beskeden sendes fra A til B, dog
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